Functions of a building

In psychology the term 'function' is defined as 'ability' or 'power'. The dictionary amplifies this definition by adding 'special kind of activity' or 'mode of action'. Various authors have devoted their considerations to the functions of a building. In the 1960s De Bruijn, one of the founders of functional analysis as a discipline at Delft's Faculty of Architecture, distinguished four different functions (Zeeman, 1980) Protective function protection of people and property against harmful...

Classification Of Recreation Buildings

Growth in the scope and complexity of the recreation program has created a need for buildings which will provide facilities adapted for a wide variety of recreation activities. Unlike many of the early structures, present-day buildings provide for adaptability and multiple use. This change from the simple to the complex has stimulated the development of a variety of recreation buildings. These are classified by function and then categorized by size.

From The Four Elements of Architecture 1851

The earlier selections from the Semper essay on polychromy (see chapters 134 and 138 above) represented the architect at the very beginning of his career. By 1851 Semper's situation had transformed itself in every which way. In 1834, in part due to his essay on polychromy, he was appointed a professor of architecture at the Dresden Academy of Fine Art. Shortly thereafter he launched a very successful architectural career, beginning with his much-applauded design for the Dresden Royal Theater...

Police Stations 1

Police sfalione represent one of the necessary governmental functions requiring careful planning. One of the most serious administrative problems confronting most police forces is lack of adequate or proper space and facilities for a police headquarter a and jail. There ore two main objectives to be considered in the construction of the police department building first, the handling and processing of the prisoners second, the service to the public- The arrangement should bo such that prisoners...

Material Symbols

Material symbols are used to represent materials or contents on floor plans, elevations, and detail drawings. Different symbols may be used to represent the same item on these drawings. The outline of the drawing may be filled in with a material symbol to show what the object is made of. Many materials are represented by one symbol in elevation and another symbol in section. Examples of this are concrete block and brick.

How To Read Electrical Plans

The first method is to draw a line from the wall switch to the fixtures it controls. This connecting line should be dashed and curved to distinguish it from other objects and items on the drawing. Curved lines are preferred, as straight lines may get mixed up with wall lines or other items that are drawn in the plan. The connecting curved line should touch the outlet or fixture symbol.

Service Cores

In most multistory buildings, the stairs, elevators, toilet rooms, and supply closets are grouped together in service cores. The mechanical, plumbing, and electrical chases, which carry wires and pipes vertically from one floor to the next, also use the service cores, along with the electrical and telephone closets, service closets, and fire protection equipment. Often, the plan of these areas varies little, if at all, from one floor to the next. Service cores may have different ceiling heights...

What Is An Eccentric Prestressing

Beam, and , is the moment of inertia of the cross section. This is shown in Fig. 19. Ic. The stress at the bottom will be exactly twice the value produced before by axial prestressing. Consequently, the transverse load can now be twice as great as before, or 2Q, and still cause no tensile stress. In fact, the final stress distribution resulting from the superposition of load and prestressing force in Fig. 19.1c is identical to that of Fig. 19.1 , with the same prestressing force, although the...

Landings and laminate flooring stairs

Stairways with landings are used where space is limited. The new laminate flooring stairs are very popular for this type of design. Also, landings are becoming very popular even in homes with ample living space because they make the stairs seem less intimidating and they add a touch of fun. Laminate stair treads make a beautiful long stairway that lasts a long time. They are very durable and quite inexpensive.

Kitchen Personnel And Their Functions

Chef de cuisine (kitchen chef) is responsible for purchase of goods, cost control, setting up the menu, and supervision of personnel and hygiene in the kitchen area. Sous-chef (kitchen chef's assistant) represents the kitchen chef In his absence in a targe organization, he takes over some of the chef's duties, Saucier (sauce cook) prepares all sauces and the meals that go with them, as well as all fish dishes (although in large organizations there is a poissonier) he is responsible for the...

Le Corbusier And The Machine House

Le Corbusier proclaimed in Vers une architecture that the plan is the generator. That is, the plan is the idea of the building, from which all the rest is to be developed, including the elevations and the overall mass of the building. The plan, he averred, has the capacity to reshape a lifestyle, which was exactly the social and political result Le Cor-busier had hoped for in the formation of a modern architecture.

Master the Art of Shower Pan Tiling with These Mortar Application Tips

When it comes to installing a shower pan, choosing the best mortar is crucial for the overall durability and longevity of the bathroom floor. There are different types of mortar available, each with unique properties that suit specific applications. In this guide, we'll discuss the ideal mortar for a shower pan and its benefits.

Background On African Indigenous Building Materials

The morpho-genesis of human habitat started inside the cave. Like the Art, the Bee and the Beaver. Man is not contempt with God's earth and he feels oblique to build a better one, more suitable to his exalted majesty. The Art build hills, the Bee makes Hives the Beaver constructs dams man creates architecture. Architecture proposes an effect on the human mind, not merely a service to the human fame. Thus architecture is the art which so disposes and adores the edifice raised by man, for...

Erasers, Erasing Shields, and Brushes for Drawing

To be able to erase errors and correct drawings is very important to the interior designer. Erasability is one of the key advantages of using a pencil or pen for drawings. Erasers, erasing shields, and brushes are convenient tools of almost equal importance. A wide variety of both rubber and synthetic erasers are available. A good eraser must be capable of completely removing pencil or ink lines without leaving smudge marks or roughing the surface of the paper.

Maximum Travel Distance

The maximum permitted travel distance to the nearest exit is specified by code and Occupancy on pages 266 and 274. Travel distance is always measured along the actual path an occupant must take to reach the exit. The International Building Code measures travel distance from the most remote point on a floor to the nearest exit. The National Building Code of Canada also measures travel distance this way, except that travel distance from rooms or suites separated from the rest of the floor and...

Room And Area Requirements

Music facilities can be divided into two general classifications depending upon their function those used for instructional activities and those serving in an auxiliary capacity such as storage areas, workrooms, and offices. A typical large music facility for an institution of higher education will require a wide variety of rooms and work areas. The needs of elementary and secondary schools will probably be somewhat less but will incorporate many ol these functional areas. (See Fig. 1 t,...

Diagrams for light switch wiring for new homes

A good house design plan includes light switch wiring for interior light fixtures and bath fixture lighting. Also kitchen lighting, office lighting, dining room lighting, and family room lights.We'll also talk about 3-way light switches and show wiring diagrams for them and other circuits. Home electrical wiring for lights is easy to install for simple lights that are controlled from one switch. 12-2 Romex is perfect for these types of lighting circuits.

Longitudinal Web Stiffeners

Longitudinal stiffeners, as shown in Fig. 11.13.1, can increase the bending and shear strengths of a plate girder. In general, they are not as effective as transverse stiffeners however, they are frequently desired on highway bridge girders for esthetic reasons. Studies of longitudinal stiffener effectiveness, as related to stiffener size and location, have been made by Cooper 11.18, 11.19 and others at Lehigh University. These studies and others are summarized in the SSRC Guide 6.8, pp....

Reading Blueprint Plumbing Symbols

These are some of the more advanced blueprint-plumbing-symbols that contractors use for commercial and industrial applications.We'll start off with the simple plumbing fixture descriptions that help us see how things fit into our home. After the fixtures like sinks and baths, we will need to know what kind of plumbing lines to install.

E6 Thermal Massing

For many, the concept of thermal massing evolves from the architecture of the pueblos in the Southwest, whose thick south-facing adobe walls absorb sunrays during the day and radiate the stored Btus into interior spaces at night to reduce these buildings' heating loads. However, the efficacy of this method of utilizing solar energy depends on several local climatic factors that exist in few other areas. They are High ratio of sunshine-to-cloudiness. In the Four Corners region of the Southwest,...

Autocad Zigzag Section Line

View Titles and D rawi ng - Re lated Notations Once you have created your drawings and are ready to plot, you will want to add the final drawing-related information. Each view should have a title. If there are section drawings, these sections must be noted on the plan, front or elevation view. Finally, if you are showing details, the place where the detail attaches to the main portion of the object must be shown with a break line. View titles are always shown below the view. These can be...

Merely a simple barn St Pauls Covent Garden 1631

Covent Garden 1631

St Paul's, Covent Garden, is pure theatre. It was required to formally address the square to its east side and so has an entirely false frontage on that side, but its proper entrance is, of course, on the west side. This is the 'barn' foisted onto a land developer and features as part of a schematic whole that is indicative of West End developments for the next 150 years a square, rows of grand houses, each speculatively developed, mews at the rear, perhaps a church and market. The context was...

Arquitetura Nova

Vaults Modern Architecture

Oiticica, Clark, Pape and their followers were not, however, architects, and however much they took from architecture and informed a critique of its development, they operated in a different, and in many ways freer, world they did not have clients to satisfy, regulations with which to comply or teams of builders with whom to negotiate. In Sao Paulo, Arquitetura Nova took the prevailing ideas of liberation as a starting point and looked to apply them in the tougher and more compromised...

Cold climate design

The example solutions for conservation and renewables in this section of Chapter 8 are compared to reference buildings, which fulfil the building codes from the year 2001 in Sweden, Norway and Finland (see Appendix 1). The examples solutions have been designed to fulfil the energy targets of this book while achieving superior comfort. The climate of Stockholm was used to represent the cold climate region. Stockholm, located at latitude 59.2 N has an average yearly temperature of 6.7 C...

Case Study Fourvanna Venturi House

Vanna Venturi House Scale

Robert Venturi designed this the Modern Movement, ques-house for his mother. It was built tioned them, and rebelled Venturi Venturi Scott Brown amp Associates, on houses and housing Architectural Monographs No. 21 , 1992, pp.24-29. The site of the Vanna Venturi House is flat. Around its boundaries it is enclosed by trees and fences. It is entered through a neck of land, and the house is positioned to present its gable elevation to the approach. at Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, in 1962. At about...

Industrial Drawings

Foundry Pattern Shrinkage Chart

A working drawing is a drawing that includes all the information required to successfully and accurately execute a job. A detail drawing is essentially a working drawing that incorporates much more specific information including the size and shape of the project, the materials to be used, finishing information, and degree of accuracy needed. An assembly drawing, on the other hand, may incorporate very little detail (Figure 7.10). The purpose of this type of technical drawing is mainly to show...

The Radburn Superblock

Architecture Idea Development

With the exception of the radical response of the Ville Radieuse, previous chapters hardly needed to discuss the way the accommodation of moving and parked cars influenced the form of the projects described. The motor vehicle was not a sufficiently important factor impinging on the design of the urban tissue. It will be a major factor in this chapter, starting in 1929, when the superblock was conceived for the new town of Radburn in the US by Clarence Stein at a time when car ownership was at...

Groin Vaults In Northern France And Germany

Romanesque Groin Vault

Before the Romanesque period, Carolingian builders had occasionally used pointed webs. In the crypt of the abbey church at Flavigny and the ground floor of the westwork of the abbey church at Corvey (Fig. 20), there are pointed groin and barrel webs. These devices are used as part of a horizontal articulation, in which moldings, sculpture, and supports interrupt the groin lines.16 Pronounced and projecting im Drawing 2. Typical northern French groin vault from the early eleventh century. (a) No...

Concert Halls

F It is important for the architect to spend time with the acoustic consultant early in the design of a concert hall, to get acoustic qualities into the architectural design. The shape of the building is critical to the quality of the music heard there. The design should proceed from the outside in, and then the materials should be selected. The interior designer must work closely with the architect and acoustic designer to create a design that will accommodate a variety of musical styles and...

Site And Building Space Programs Sizing Your Spaces

A space program is a quantification of all functional areas of your site and building to ensure proper accommodation of all staff and functions. Useful tools include benchmarking space needs for some functions (parking spaces per square feet of gallery, seats in your lunchroom per square foot of exhibit space square feet per office by staff position). It should be formatted as a spreadsheet allowing you to document current and proposed space and staff, program options (1,2, 3, etc.

Types of bits

Types Bits

Bits are probably the most abused of all woodworking tools, for too often the wrong type is chosen, or the bit is incorrectly or over sharpened. The general run of bits are supplied with either square taper shanks (69 1) for use in the armbrace, or parallel round shanks (69 14) for hand-drills. A few types are also available with parallel shanks turned down to 1 4 in (6 mm) diameter (69 13) for use in the standard drill-gun, and with Morse taper shanks for lathe heads or specialized...

The Mississippi River Railway Crossing at Clinton Iowa

Clinton Iowa River

Federal Mining Galena and Chicago Union Chicago, Iowa and Nebraska Planning the Mississippi The First General Warren's Illinois Bridge Iowa Bridge Swing Bridge Repairs to First Bridge 1873 to Engineering Contemporary Swing Bridge Construction of the Third Large infrastructure projects are almost always built to satisfy an economic or social need In the case of the railroad crossing over the Mississippi River at Clinton, Iowa, the impetus was the settlement of the upper Mississippi River Valley...

Modifying Elements Of Architecture

Modifying Elements Architecture

It is impossible to convey fully in drawing, but the architecture of these steps consists in more than just their visible form. They are in the Generalife, near the Alhambra in Granada, Spain. The place shown in the drawing stimulates nearly all the senses the deep greens of the leaves, the colours of the flowers and the patterns of light and shade stimulate the sight there is the sound of moving water in nearby fountains the smell of warm vegetation, and the perfume of oranges and...

Roof of the Assembly arid Entrance Halls of Wohlen High School

Roof Scuppers Not Positioned Right

Subject The architect and engineer Santiago Calatrava has won recognition with his extravagant architectural constructions, in which statics and design form surprising symbioses. His dual studies of architecture in Valencia and civil engineering at the ETH in Zurich were already predictive of that. Although it dealt with the engineering subject The Foldability of Frameworks his thesis was written at the architectural faculty of the ETH Zurich. This desire to combine creative and structural...

Residential light-switch-wiring circuits

Some light-switch-wiring circuits can get a little tricky, so the diagrams can really help out a lot. These diagrams are a little hard to see. The color of the wires is especially important, so you may want to squint at the drawings to better understand them. The diagram below shows a simple single pole light switch diagram with the switch before the light in the circuit run. The diagram below shows a single-pole with the switch behind the light.

The Community Recreation Building

Subdivision Space Requirements

The community recreation building functions beyond the primary purpose of serving a single neighborhood. It is designed to offer a more diversified program in order to meet the complete recreational needs of all people in the community. The community building is normally larger than a neighborhood building and is usually tocated in a major recreation area such as a community park or playing field. As stated previously, community recreation buildings vary in function and design, but, generally,...

Intersecting Stud Frame Walls

Anchors For Adobe Walls

Earthbags make wonderful, sound-dampening intersecting walls and room dividers. If, however, space is at a premium, small spaces like closets and bathrooms will take up less floor space if built out of thinner wall Install velcro plates every 3 - 4 rows 7.7 Intersecting stud frame wall lag-screwed to strip anchors. Install velcro plates every 3 - 4 rows bottom plate studded with nails at opposing angles pro- amp vides a key-in to anchor frame into a poured adobe floor. 7.7 Intersecting stud...

Home in Snow Country

Japanese Wooden Towel Rail

Koichi Sato is the I Ith head of a family of landowners in Oomagari City. Akita Prefecture, located near the Japan Sea in the northern part of Honshu, the main island of Japan. Winters here are severe, and everything mantles over with thick snow from November to April, presenting a beautiful sight on moonlit nights. Scarlet-tinged autumn leaves herald the coming of the long winter, prompting local people to set about winter-proofing their homes. The traditional houses here are wrapped with...

Ksar Ferich

Ghorfa Doors

A fortified storehouse in southern Tunisia The completely unbroken perimeter of the complex The completely unbroken perimeter of the complex The ksour (plural of ksar) of southern Tunisia are fortified living and storage complexes which were preferably built high up on the mountain plateaus or on steep mountain slopes. The centre of the complex is frequently a kalaa (a fortification). Grouped in the rocks below are the houses or caves and these are always accompanied by honeycomblike,...

Line Weights And Types

Line Weights Architecture

Line weights are generally subject to the following conventions 1. For manual pencil drafting using drawing boards, finished work includes bold object lines (2H to B pencils), light dimension lines, center lines, section lines, and so on (3H to 5H pencils). Temporary construction lines, guidelines for lettering, and other types should be kept very light (7H or 8H). Border lines for the drawing sheet and title block should be made bold (3B to 6B). 2. For inked or computer-plotted drawings...

Third Angle Projection

Iso Standard Drawing Projection

In third-angle projection the left view is placed on the left and the top view is placed on the top (Figure 5.7 B and C). This type of projection is primarily used in the United States and Canada. It should be noted that not all views are necessarily used, and determination of which surface constitutes the front, back, top, and bottom varies depending on the projection used. In third-angle projection, the object lies below and behind the viewing planes. The planes are transparent, and each view...

Reflected Ceiling Plan

Gypsum Board Ceiling Plan Diagram

A reflected ceiling plan RCP is a drawing of a room or space looking down at the interior ceiling. The designer or architect produces this plan to graphically show the ceiling treatment, ceiling grid, and the placement of all light fixtures as well as light fixtures to be relocated or removed. The plan indicates the type of ceiling acoustical tile, gypsum board, etc and the ceiling heights. The location of all light fixtures, speakers, special lighting, ceiling outlets, and switch locations is...

Means of Egress

Exit And Exit Discharge Diagram

Exiting is one of the most critical requirements of building codes. It comprises three main categories . exit access, exit, and exit discharge (Figure 11.3). Figure 11.3 Typical example of means of egress from a building (source The Codes Guidebook for Interiors by S.K. Harmon and K.G. Kennon). Figure 11.3 Typical example of means of egress from a building (source The Codes Guidebook for Interiors by S.K. Harmon and K.G. Kennon). Arrangement of exits is specified by code. They should be located...

Existing Wall To Be Removed

Assembly Drawings With Dimensions

In conjunction with an electrical plan to denote specific equipment. Figure 5-24 illustrates an electrical legend in conjunction with additional electrical notes. Although there are many commonly recognized legends and graphic symbols, the drafter should always include the specifics of what is being shown. Legends should be concise and graphically presented as small as possible on the sheet, yet easily readable in the field by the builder. Dimensioning involves incorporating numerical values in...

Scale of Interior Elevations

Water Closet Elevation Autocad

The scale at which an interior elevation should be drawn will depend upon the complexity and detail of items, information, and finishes to be shown. Generally, interior elevations are drawn to the same scale as the floor plan s . If the wall plane and other items are fairly simple, then a scale of 1 4 1'-0 1 50 metric is acceptable. This is especially applicable in large public spaces. However, in very large commercial interior spaces a smaller scale of V8 1'-0 1 100 metric might be required....

Marcel Meili Markus Peter

Constructive Detail Lignatur

Architects Marcel Meili and Markus Peter, with Zeno Vogel, Zurich Construction period 1997-1999 Project manager Zeno Vogel Structural engineers Conzett Bronzini Gartmann, Chur Swiss School of Engineering for the Wood Industry, Biel, 1990-1999 This school, even before the new extension, already boasted a remarkable character. The site and the buildings form what is almost an island between residential districts and an industrial area, which stretches along the hard edge of the Jura Massif. The...

Viewing angles and sightlines

Stadium Sightline Diagram

We have now evolved a schematic diagram of the proposed viewing areas which hopefully satisfies three criteria The spectator areas are large enough to accommodate the required number of viewers. All spectators are as close to the action as possible, and maximum viewing distances have been kept within defined limits. Most spectators including those who are disabled are located in their preferred viewing positions in relation to the playing field. The next step is to convert these diagrammatic...

Design culture buildings and users

Proportionslehre

Designing for the needs of disabled people has never been a significant feature of the development process, nor of urban design theories and practices. As Figures 1.2 and 1.3 show, design texts, such as Neufert and Neufert's Architects' Data (2000), or the Metric Handbook (Adler, 1999), reinforce architects' commonly-held conception that the bodies they seek to design for revolve around a range of physiological norms. These norms tend to reduce the body to a universal type or a standard,...

Fireresistance Ratings For Openweb Steel Joists

Exposed open-web joists and joist girders may be used in Unprotected Noncombustible construction. Fire-resistance ratings of as high as 3 hours are easily achieved with applied fireproofing or an appropriately fireresistive 100 ceiling. The fire-resistive ceiling is used more commonly, due to the difficulty of applying fireproofing directly to the complex surfaces of an open-web joist.

Pure Torsion Of Homogeneous Sections

Theory Pure Torsion

R (a) Figure 8.2.1 Torsion of a prismatic shaft. (b) (a) Figure 8.2.1 Torsion of a prismatic shaft. (b) of displacement at a given point is proportional to the distance rfrom the center of twist. The strain angle y, or unit shear strain, at any element r from the center is y dz r dd y r d dz) r6 (8.2.2) Using the shear modulus G. Hooke's law gives the unit shear stress v as v yG (8.2.3) Thus as shown in Fig. 8.2.1b, the elemental torque is dT n dA ryG dA r2 (d dz)G dA (8.2.

Catholic University of Louvain Atelier Lucien Kroll

Kroll Lucien

In 1969 an extraordinary experiment in architecture began under the leadership of Belgian architect Lucien Kroll. The Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium was expanding its medical school in the outskirts of Brussels. Kroll's entry into the project came one year after the university had already relocated some facilities. Constructed were a large hospital, support facilities, and residential buildings in an architectural style and spatial arrangement that were uncreative, rigid, and...

Colonial Revival: The American Foursquare

The American Foursquare was built between 1890 and about 1935. After 1900, it was one of the most popular house styles in both rural settings and on small city lots. They were sensible two- to two-and-a-half-story homes that were economical to build, comfortable to live in, and aesthetically pleasing in their simplicity. The Foursquare takes its name from its simple, cubic shape and floor plan which is divided into quarters on each floor.

Common approaches in Project Pilot

If you are already familiar with Windows Explorer, you will quickly find your way around the ProjectPilot. Most steps can be accomplished via the shortcut menu or by dragging and dropping. You can sort the displayed documents by clicking on the title of a column. The first time you click the column title, the documents are sorted in ascending order. Clicking the same column title again sorts the documents in descending order. An arrow is displayed to indicate which column is being sorted and...

Making a large outdoor water fountain

Many people want to have a large-outdoor-water-fountain because it's a status symbol, but fountains are quite expensive. When landscapers design a yard, they consider what will look the best without seeming too overdone or crowded.Fountains are a great landscaping feature as long as they don't overpower the rest of the landscape design. Sometimes a simple waterfall or waterspout can be adequate for a certain design.

At home fix it repair

I have gotten several requests for at-home-fix-it-repair guides. My book, Sweat Equity, gives a thorough explanation on how to install fixtures which works great for at-home-fix-it-repairs as well. Below are the departments I will cover in home remodeling and repair. First of all, let's get to the nitty-gritty of remodeling. I think the best way to get really clear about home renovation is by way of a questions and answers page. So here we go.

The locations of Troy and Babylon

Location Ancient Troy

The correct geographic localization of a large number of ancient historical events is truly a formidable task. Naples, for instance (whose name merely stands for New Town) is reflected in the ancient chronicles as the following cities 1) Naples in Italy, existing to this day. 2) Carthage, also translating as New Town ( 938 , page 13, B, 162-165). 3) Naples in Palestine ( 268 , page 130). 4) The Scythian Naples (see the collection of the State History Museum of Moscow). 5) New Rome a. k. a....

The World's Biggest Barbie House in Shanghai, China is now Closed [PHOTOS]

Not all marketing moves are bringing the profit and development companies expect. Sometimes the company strategy could appear too outrageous for the new target. In March 2009 one of the world's largest toy producers Mattel Inc. (MAT) opened the world's first Barbie flagship store in Shanghai, China . The opening was dedicated to 50 years anniversary of the world's most-loved doll.

Historical Overview Of Building Codes And Standards

Architectural Permit Forms

Building codes have been with us since the dawn of history, when people first learned to read and write. In Old Babylon we see the birth of building regulations, during the reign of King Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.). These codes meted harsh punishment to irresponsible builders, indicating that the building trade was already a specialized profession. According to the king's decree, if an architect built a house for a freeman and it collapsed and killed the occupant, then the architect could be put...

Suspended glass assemblies

Armstrong Kover Kwick

Suspended glass assemblies using glass as the load-carrying material were first developed with Foster Associates in 1973 for the Willis, Faber and Dumas Insurance building in Ipswich (Fig. 7.1 8). The system consists of two glass components a wall skin formed from sheets for 12 mm toughened glass (armour plate) and vertical fins fixed perpendicularly to the skin to provide lateral resistance to wind loads.These are formed from I 9 mm armour plate. The system is constructed from the top down....

Planning The Small Museum

Museum Requirements Space

The objective of Ihe proposed museum should be clearly defined, os well as the geographic region, the subject (history, natural history, or art) and extent of display and other services. The following is an example of a suitable basic statement for a small rnu & um The bo tic objective of the Museum it to collect, pre serve, study ond exhibit significant objects of the com m unity, and provide related educational fervices in order To increase public knowledge and stimulate creative activity....

Casa Kalman

Albert Kahn Reinforced Concrete Uvu

Antonio Cruz Villalon Antonio Ortiz Garcia HOUSING BLOCK ON DONA MARIA CORONEL STREET Neither the geometry of its curved internal court nor any of the decorative elements of the facade is borrowed from the regional architectural tradition of Seville. Yet this building by these two young architects at the beginning of their career does exude a strong sense of the city. At a time when the spread of unchecked urban development was threatening what was left of the long-neglected, declining...

To draw doors

1 Click If Door (Tools palette, Create area in the Basic Walls, Openings, Components module). 2 Click Select, Set Layers (Format menu) and activate the layer AR_WALL. 3 Click a point of the exterior wall at the bottom to place the first side of the door. Note Make sure that you enter a value of 0.000 for the Offset to reference point in the dialog line otherwise, you cannot use this entry option. Alternatively, you can also enter the desired distance and click the corner of the wall. <...

Staggered Truss System

Staggered Truss

In this system, story-high trusses span in the transverse direction between the columns at the exterior of the building. Flexibility in architectural planning is achieved by arranging the trusses in a staggered pattern at alternate floors, as shown in Fig. 3.10. The floor system acts as a diaphragm transferring lateral loads in the short direction to the trusses. Lateral loads are thereby resisted by truss diagonals and are transferred into direct loads in the columns. The columns therefore...

Conde Nast Cafeteria

Conde Nast New York Cafeteria

1996 1998 Construction 1998 POOO, Client Conde Hast Publications f loor .11 a 1003 m-'. Costs withheld .if owner rogues de Oftent fiabiissetTienf privi. it caWdria Jngficben Condi Cooon Ha si turns rappmer imvcntivito . an dun E in tans- djbrtdio dc Gt tuy par certains chou frofwer Arosnen -fc mitttiaux mats dans ' ense ntHe. docfi stcht sewn son projtt est pins proche de fa so fot)s> ten nibcr pnistkafion de ses couitos ricentes lass a s ardtf- i rj creatit) l'ehry tm cow leil al' gator o...

Suninformed Architecture Of Classical Greece

Underground Lighting Architecture

In other times and other parts of the world, a similar understanding of the benefits of the natural environment can be Figure 1.6 Troglodytic town of Matmata, Tunisia (courtesy of James P. Warfield). Figure 1.6 Troglodytic town of Matmata, Tunisia (courtesy of James P. Warfield). found, including in ancient Greek architecture. The classical Greek period extends from the Battle of Marathon in 490 bc to the Hellenistic age, which extends to the year 30 bc. Like many preceding civilizations,...

Violletleduc

Okc Proposed Skyscrapers

For Viollet-le-Duc rationality was a more congenial precept than honesty for conceptualizing structure in a design. Moreover, he was willing to go further than Ruskin in staking the excellence of architecture upon the way its structure is handled. He thought that, like a machine, it should have no part that is not necessary for stability and function. He also thought that each element should be joined to the next and to the whole in a manner analogous to the composition of an organic body....

Theatrical stairs

1900s Stairs

A visit to the theatre is a time for exhibitionism. The theatrical use of stairs is more commonly associated with the vestibules to theatres and where vantage points of balconies and landings are visualized to show off the audience as they arrive and depart. The most celebrated promenade is that devised by Charles Garnier with the Grand Staircase at the Paris Opera (Figures 2.26o-c). It is worthwhile studying the plan in detail. The area employed almost equals the auditorium and is so arranged...

Reconnecting difficult partners New Urbanism and Le Corbusier

While their intentions to create better cities were similar, Le Corbusier and New Urbanism seem miles apart. Their conceptions started from very different premises. For the first the image is rational and mechanical the house as a dwelling machine, where the car is king. For the second, the image is organic, where 'community' is at the centre. In the US more than elsewhere, towns and cities have been pulled apart by putting the needs of the car centre-stage. Hence the appeal of New Urbanism...

The Greek Orders Doric Ionic And Corinthian

Corinthian Architecture

The starting point for any study of the orders is Ancient Greece. The great succession of Renaissance writers who regularised the orders more or less ignored Greece, partly because of its comparative inaccessibility, although Vitruvius had been in no doubt, to judge from the references to Greek architecture which articulate his treatise, of the significance of the Greek origins of Roman architectural form. It was not until after the middle of the eighteenth century, with the explorations of...

The Tuscan Order

Tuscan Order

To the repertory of Greek orders Vitruvius added the Tuscan IV.vii.1-5 . According to his description, ostensibly based on ancient Etruscan precedents, this order was not envisioned for a peripteral temple but for a three-chambered sanctuary fronted by a deep portico with two rows of four very widely spaced columns fig. 5-16 . Indeed, this format of a chamber or chambers on a raised platform, approached by a front stair leading to the portico, was in fact to dominate Roman temple architecture....

Comparative Doric Orders

Palladian Doric Column Cad

Vitruvius sets the general pattern for the capital and entablature of the Doric order. He starts with a consideration of the problems of the arrangement of triglyphs and metopes which I have already cited as stifling the development of the Greek Doric order. It appears that early Doric work of the republican era in Rome followed Greek precedent in the layout of the frieze, the temple at Cori dating from the first century B.C. being an example. By the time of Vitruvius Roman architects had...

The Doric Order

Stili Delle Colonne Greche

According to Vitruvius, the orders were first formulated in wood and then translated into stone. Each of the component parts is held to represent a structural member. In the wooden prototype (fig. 5-1) of the Doric order the columns are posts, presumably set into the platform. The columns are capped with members that provide a transition to the superstructure. This upper structure consists first of a horizontal architrave, which connects the posts. Above it the triglyphs of the frieze are taken...

Naomi Campbell's Eye of Horus House - By Luis de Garrido

A luxurious and spacious summer mansion, shaped like the ancient Egyptian Eye of Horus, is designed by Spanish architect Luis de Garrido. The home is fittingly located on the Isla Playa de Cleopatra in Turkey , was a birthday gift for famous model Naomi Campbell from her boyfriend. The home, that sports 25 bedrooms and 5 lounges, is said to supply its need of water and electricity making it completely sustainable and quite inexpensive for a home of its size and technology.

Classical Revival Houses

Black And White Clip Art Window

Colonial Revival doorway with a broken pediment, slender Tuscan columns, fanlight, and sidelights flanking the center paneled door. A Colonial Revival window with multiple lights and full, fitting shutters. A Colonial Revival window with multiple lights and full, fitting shutters. A Palladian window decorated with Ionic columns. A Palladian window decorated with Ionic columns. William C. Phillips residence, 1913. University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, UW13814 William C....

Circuits for Home Improvement Electrical Systems

Now let's get into some circuit runs for home-improvement-electrical projects. We'll start with a plain outlet receptacle. Your local codes will indicate the number of minimum outlets each wall will need. I prefer to have a lot of outlets. In these modern times where we have computers, the peripherals for the computer like printers, scanners, speakers, monitors, and external drives can completely fill up one eight-slot surge protector with several things left to plug in.

Curved tubular members

Steel Roof Truss Element

Curved roofs may be formed using single-curved tubular members, double-layer members connected periodically, or tubular trusses, as illustrated in the following examples. Table 4.2 Minimum bending radii for common steel sections Joists and Universal Beams x-x axis Channels x-x axis 127 x 64 x 14 kg m 203 x 89 x 29 kg m 254 x 89 x 35 kg m 305 x 102 x 46 kg m All sections up to 432 x 102 x 65 kg m Joists, beams and columns y-y axis All sections up to 1016 x 455 x 488 kg m Castellated and cellular...

Tolerances

The National Structural Steelwork Specification for Building Construction (the NSSS), published by the BCSA, is the industry standard for specifiers and fabricators. It provides greater uniformity in specifications issued with tender and contract documents. Appropriate tolerances should be agreed by all the parties at the start of the project, as late changes to allow for these effects can be costly. Deviations can be dealt with by two means providing adjustment to overcome local lack-of-fit...

Laurence Haiprin

A parallel betw een Olmsted and I lalprin, pointed out by the late historian Albert Fein, is that both wrote books in fact, one of the reasons I lalprin s work is important, according to Fein, is that he wrote about it. J, William Thompson, fasla, in Master of Collaboration, Landscape Architecture, July 1992 1982 Levi's Plaza is completed in San Francisco part of a new, more intimate urban campus for Levi-Sttauss Inc. In a more literal reference to the 1 ligh Sierras than his previous fountain...

Three Point Perspective

Perspective Point Normal

Three-point perspective is a development of two-point perspective and is usually used for buildings seen from above or below. Like two-point perspective it has two vanishing points somewhere on the horizon and a third somewhere above or below the horizon line toward which the verticals converge (Figure 5.30). This means that the object is either tilted to the picture plane or the spectator's central axis of vision is inclined upward or downward and the picture plane is tilted. Three-point...

Battery Park City New York Ny Usa a new town intown 1962 to 2002 but continuing

Conflict And Compromise New York City

Whether or not one cares for the design of Battery Park City, it is arguably the exemplar of an all-of-a-piece urban precinct design in the United States. Chronologically, it predates Canary Wharf, Euralille and Lujiazui but it is very different. It was not seen as a new business district but as an adjunct to an existing one. Now almost completed (and repaired after the events of11 September 2001 when it was much damaged see page 379 for a 2004 view) Battery Park City's development history is...

Sawyer Berson Architecture Landscape Architecture LLP

Sawyer Berson Landscape

To create the setting for this 1,400 sq ft (140 sq m) roof terrace, an ex s* postmodern roof pavilion was demolished to make way for a modern arch er. framework inspired by the works of American architect Paul Rudolph and - - - architects Jean Prouv and Pierre Chareau. A steel-framed platform was ins s - onto which a program of garden elements were placed a fountain, perg -planters, as well as an outdoor kitchen and shower. The custom cast concrete pavers, sandblasted glass panels, painteo -...

Floor Plan Of Police Station

Spatial Requirement For Police Station

Pantry should at least have modern sterilizing dishwashing equipment. 12. Laundry A laundry should be included in the jail, with modern-type equipment and a sterilizer for clothing and bedding. 13. Janitor's Slop Sink A janitor's slop sink should be placed in an open space large enough so that mops and cleaning gear can ba hung on rocks exposed to sun and air. This janitor's room should be well ventilated and inaccessible to prisoners. 14. Segregation Male and female prisoners must be kept...

Rider Guards

Dibujos Contramarcos Ventana

Stirrup rails and rider wall guards are common in indoor arenas. The objective is to keep riders' stirrups and knees from contacting the columns that support the arena roof structure. Rails can be as simple as a 2 X 8 lumber rail nailed at stirrup height along the interior of columns. Clearly, not everyone's horse and stirrup level are at the same height, so this method has its limitations. The next step is to enclose most of the lower 4 to 6 feet of sidewall in wooden cladding, such as...

Vent Plumbing

Most modern homes have adequate vent-plumbing because of local codes. Proper venting is actually fairly new. Many states still allow wet venting which causes a lot of problems.When installing the septic lines, it's easier to start from the end and work your way forward. The best place to start is where your septic mainline enters the house. From that point, the line is probably a 4-inch pipe that needs a Y with a clean out. That's where I will start the process and proceed by the numbers. 1.

DIY Pom-Pom Purim Groggers

I love to make groggers ---those fun noisemakers we shake on Purim. Last year I made some out of plastic water bottles and this year I used empty soda cans. I prefer the cans because the sound is much more intense when filled with small stones.Here is what you'll need to create these Here's how 1. Make the pom-pom (it makes the grogger look so festive and fun ) Cut some colored tissue paper approximately 5 x 5 inches. Be sure you have several layers of tissue.

Detailing of well ends and balustrades

Staircase Footing Detail

The solid profile of in-situ concrete stairs draws attention to the riser and well-end relationship. The appearance of sloping soffits and their bisection is of critical importance Figures 8.5a and 8.5b unless trimming beams or thicker slabs across the landing hide the junctions Figure 8.5c . This may however appear clumsy. The alignments are compounded by the handrail-to-riser geometry, where 'slipping' the riser plane by one full step will improve matters Figure 8.5 b . It will be noted that...

Technical Drawing

Construction Tools Names

Also known as drafting, technical drawing is the practice of creating accurate representations of objects for architectural and engineering needs. A practitioner of the discipline is known as a drafter. Today the mechanics of the drafting task have considerably changed through the use of CADD computer systems, but regardless of whether a drawing is drawn manually or with computer assistance, it must be reproducible. Basic drafting procedure consists of placing a piece of paper (or other...

Ten Great Havdalah Spice Boxes

Just as we proclaim the entrance of Shabbat by making Kiddush, we mark the exit with Havdalah which is held after nightfall on Saturday evening. We use three items during the ceremony a cup of wine, a double wicked candle and spices. During Shabbat, we each receive an extra soul, or extra spiritual sensitivity. So, as Shabbat goes away, so does the extra soul, causing us to feel faint. For this reason we smell some spices to comfort our soul at the loss of Shabbat.

Functional and constructional efficiency

Functionalism Architecture Examples

For many architects the design is to a significant extent determined by the effort to achieve functional efficiency. The building's form and arrangement must provide effective and efficient support for the activities it houses. The word generally used when the primary motive for the design is functional efficiency is functionalism (Whittick, 1953 Leuthauser and Gossel, 1990). Functionalist designers are of course well aware of the importance of aesthetics and meaning, but these qualities are...

Carlos Miele

Miele Nyc Showroom

Photographer Paul Warchol Photography The flagship store that Brazilian designer Carlos Miele opened in Manhattan can be added to the list of spaces that have a sense of urban and cultural responsibility. Located in a jungle of industrial buildings, art galleries, and shops, the store is a place in which art installations transform themselves into architectural elements. Hani Rashid and Lise Anne Couture created a spare, almost malleable interior. The result is a space that adapts the exuberant...

Electrical System Design Process

Electricity Design

Engineers start the process of designing electrical systems by estimating the total building electrical power load. They then plan the spaces required for electrical equipment such as transformer rooms, conduit chases, and electrical closets. The amount of energy a building is permitted to consume is governed by building codes. A building energy consumption analysis determines whether the building design will meet the target electrical energy budget. If not, the engineer must modify the...

Finish Classes And Test Ratings

Fire-resistance classes become stricter as you move closer to the exit, with the strictest ratings at the exit itself. The Life Safety Code and the Standard Building Code (SBC) use A, B, and C class ratings for wall and ceiling finishes. The National Building Code (NBC), and the Uniform Building Code (UBC) use I, II, and III designations. Classes A, B, and C are wall and ceiling finish classifications based on flame spread and smoke development. Flame spread is the speed at which fire may...

The Nine Rules for a Good Charrette

Design Charrette Examples

The nine rules below form the substantive core of this book. If you remember nothing else, remember these rules. They are easy to understand and easy to remember, yet they represent the collective wisdom and experience of hundreds of individuals who have worked with us over the decades, all struggling hard to come up with a new paradigm for making community planning and design decisions. The nine rules are listed below, followed by a more lengthy discussion of the rationale behind each of them....

Carbon Monoxide Detector Placement: Where to Place CO Alarms in Your Home

Keep your family safe by installing CO alarms near the bedrooms Carbon monoxide alarms save lives. Learn what they do, how to install, and where you should place CO detectors. What is carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide is known as the silent killer because it is odorless, tasteless and colorless. It's also toxic, since the gas can prevent your body from properly transporting oxygen.

San Alfonso del Mar - the Largest Pool in the World

San Alfonso del Mar is a resort in Algarrobo, Chile , also known for its world's largest swimming pool according to the Guinness World Records. The resort is owned by a Chilean biochemist and businessman Fernando Fischmann, the head of Crystal Lagoon Corporation the company that designed the gigantic pool. He used the patented technology to harvest, filter and permanently recirculate ocean water .

Proportion In The Renaissance

Alberti took over from Vitruvius the principle that proportion is essential to the beauty of architecture. Indeed, substituting the word beauty for symmetry in Vitruvius's definition of the latter term, he intensified the principle by making proportion identical with beauty. His reverence for number and proportion as the underlying order of the universe was so great that he might have subscribed to the orders expressly because they were ordained with proportions. Consequently, he willingly...

Need the Best Garbage Disposal? The Top 8 You Should Invest

When renovating your home, you must have the best furniture. Not only should they look good, but they also need to be of good use. One of the essentials needed in every home would be the best garbage disposal . After all, where else will you throw your waste So if you're wondering what you need in a garbage disposal and why it's a must-have for your home, then read on as I show you the top eight best ones to choose from The Lowdown on Garbage DisposalsIf you're wondering about what a garbage...

Tournus Upper Narthex

Romanesque Architecture

The longitudinal barrel vault in the upper narthex at Tournus provides an ideal opportunity to study the construction of the barrel vault, because the stones in these three bays are almost completely exposed (Fig. 65).1 Three distinct steps were used to build the barrel in the central vessel and the two half barrels in the aisles. 1. Masons first constructed transverse arches. It is understandable that they would have used narrow arches to build vaults because, compared with vaults, arches...

Half Circle Helical Ramp Car Park

Maximum Car Parking Ramp Slope

Fig. 4 Ramp lopes. (Transitions ore required only if romp slope exceeds 10 percent.) occurred leading to a buyers revolt against stretched-out sheet metal, followed by an increase in imports and introduction of domestic compacts Immediately following introduction of United States compacts the car manufacturers began an inching up process until the 05 sq ft compact was 90 sq ft as evidenced in the 1963-1970 shortest car ' indication. During the same period the low-price three' began an active...

Designing The Ceilingfloor Plenum Space

Ceiling Plenum Height

An above-ceiling location is ordinarily best for ductwork, which is often too large and bulky to fit above or within the structural floor, The wiring and ductwork must share the above-ceiling plenum space with lighting fixtures and sprinkler piping.This requires careful planning. Generally the lowest stratum, about 8 in. (200 mm) thick, is reserved for the sprinkler piping and lighting fixtures. Lighting fixture selection plays an important role in determining the thickness of this stratum,...

Isolation from seismic motion

Steel Frame Hysteretic

The principle of isolation is simply to provide a discontinuity between two bodies in contact so that the motion of either body, in the direction of the discontinuity, cannot be fully transmitted. The discontinuity consists of a layer between the bodies which has low resistance to shear compared with the bodies themselves. Such discontinuities may be used for isolation from horizontal seismic motions of whole structures, parts of structures, or items of equipment mounted on structures. Because...

Center Lines

Symmetric Section Symbol

Center lines consist of thin (light), broken lines of alternating long and short dashes. They are used to identify the centers of symmetrical objects such as a column, wall, or window. Center lines are also used to indicate the center of a whole circle or part of a circle and to show that an object is symmetrical about a line (Figures 3.5A and B). The symbol is typically drawn as such (C L). Center lines are symmetrical on the axis of circular features and are also used to locate centers of...

The Strength of Earthquakes Magnitude and Intensity

Plot Earthquake Depths Trench

During earthquakes the release of crustal stresses is believed generally to involve the fracturing of the rock along a plane which passes through the point of origin (the hypocentre or focus) of the event (Figure 4.25). Sometimes, especially in larger shallower earthquakes, this rupture plane, called a fault, breaks through to the ground surface, where it is known as a fault trace (Figure 4.41). The cause and nature of earthquakes is the subject of study of the science of seismology, and...

What An Underground House Is Not

Perhaps we should start with what an underground house is not. An underground house is not dark, damp and dirty. It is not airless and gloomy. It is absolutely not a basement. An underground house has no more in common with a basement, Than a penthouse apartment has in common with a hot, dark, dusty attic. A basement is not designed for human habitat. It is a place to put the furnace and store junk. It is constructed to reach below the frost line so that the frost heaves don't crumple the...

Karesansui the dry landscape garden

Daisenin Section

Celebrated Japanese garden scholar Mirei Shigemor identifies a total of 323 kare-sansui gardens and some 700 pond gardens as particularly significant amongst Japanese gardens He divides the development of the kare-sansui garden into four stages the first, prehistoric stage is equated wiih the huge boulders and rocky outcrops - iwakura and iwasaka venerated as the abodes of gods by early Shinto devotees An example here is Achi Shrine in Kurashiki The second stage corresponds to the Nara and...

Carcass assembly

Carcas Construction

Final assembly of the various component parts is the culmination of many hours of patient work and should never be hurried. A preliminary assembly in the dry state can be made but only to establish the direction of entry and the exactness of the fit. Dowelled components can be tried with spare dowel-pegs sanded slack (tight dowels should never be used as the suction in a tight hole can hold them immovable), and there can be no objection to fully seating tenons in order to check the shoulders,...

Carcass dovetails

Where a side rail is grooved or tenoned into a leg or post as in a framed-up carcass, the shoulders of the two dovetails must be offset moreover in tenoned work the tenon and haunches must be set down by an amount at least equal to the depth of the larger dovetail. Figure 159 1 shows a typical assembly with front rail dovetailed into post and side rail. The side rail and post are assembled first and flushed off, the thickness of the front rail gauged in the post and pencilled in on the side...

Television Broadcasting Facilities

Plumbing Blueprints Vtr

Television broadcasting facilities range from a tiny station serving a small community to a major network facility with multiple studios and extensive supporting facilities providing programming to hundreds of city and regional markets- Because of the wide variation in requirements, this article will be limited to basic planning considerations plus a brief description of each of the facilities thai may be required. Emphasis is on program origination facilities transmitter installations are...

Securing the Building

In order to address building security issues, the architect and interior designer must look at how people use the building. Most building security problems can be resolved with a combination of common sense and a little technology. Let's look at some common office building situations and their solutions. Ideally, the lobby for an office (Fig. 37-1) should be visible from the reception desk. When the reception area doesn't have a view into the lobby, an intruder might be able to enter the...